UNFPA Worldwide
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa faces serious political, economic and social challenges. With an annual rate of growth of 2.2 per cent, its population is expected to increase from 906 million in 2005 to 1.1 billion in 2010. Twenty years of an almost 3 per cent annual population growth has outpaced economic gains, leaving Africans, on average, 22 per cent poorer than they were in the mid-1970s. Despite improved economic performance in recent years, the overall gross domestic product growth rate is below the 6 to 8 per cent that is required over a 10-year period in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Life expectancy has decreased sharply due to AIDS.
The lack of access to information and reliable data on population issues has constrained sustainable development. Only 43 per cent of the region's countries have undertaken national population and housing censuses. Ensuring the collection, analysis and access to data needs to be a top priority in the coming decade.
Large-scale migrations of people trying to escape poverty and political instability is another serious issue. A contributor to this is the rapid increase of new entrants into the labour market because of the large youth population. High fertility rates are outpacing the capacity of economies to generate a commensurate number of jobs. Even in cases where slowing fertility is about to bring a demographic bonus, the lack of employment opportunities will make it difficult for countries to capitalize on the positive dependency ratios that accompany the early stages of a demographic transition.
Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most affected by the AIDS epidemic. About half of African countries have declared AIDS as an emergency. Yet, in spite of an unprecedented global response, the rate and scale of implementation of programmes remain low. Access to condoms is only about 10 per cent. HIV continues to escalate, with over 22 million Africans living with HIV. In contrast to other regions, the majority of people (61 per cent) living with HIV are women. Young people account for half of the 1.7 million new infections (2007 figures).
The maternal mortality ratio is unacceptably high. Forty per cent of all pregnancy-related deaths worldwide occur in Africa. On average, over 7 women die per 1,000 live births. About 22,000 African women die each year from unsafe abortion, reflecting a high unmet need for contraception. Contraceptive use among women in union varies from 50 per cent in the southern sub-region to less than 10 per cent in middle and western Africa.
The feminization of AIDS and poverty, low literacy rates for girls, low representation of women in decision-making, gender-based violence and inadequate allocation of resources to gender issues are obstacles to development. The Maputo Plan of Action, which promotes an integrated approach to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, will be the focus of future activities, including in conflict and post-conflict situations.
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UNFPA Worldwide
Latin America & the Caribbean
This region, comprising 570 million people in 47 countries, is characterized by deep, ingrained inequality.
The top 10 per cent of the population receives half of the region's income, while the poorest decile receives only 1.6 per cent. Four of every 10 people are poor; and one of every six is extremely poor. Education has improved, but women still tend to get less schooling than men. Almost half of the adolescents in the region drop out of school.
Despite the advance of democracy and policies to invigorate the economy, growth has been restrained, and poverty is widespread. The region has shown progress in developing social policies within the ICPD and Millennium Development Goal frameworks, but gaps persist in implementing such polices and in allocating resources for them in public budgets. This affects the quality of life and the exercise of human rights.
Disproportionate numbers of youth, women and indigenous people are unemployed. They face lower life expectancy and higher rates of fertility and maternal and infant mortality, adolescent pregnancy, school abandonment, and sexual and reproductive health deficiencies than other groups.
Latin America's AIDS epidemics are generally stable, but the Caribbean has been hard hit. In that sub-region, AIDS is one of the leading causes of death among people aged 25 to 44.
Adolescents and youth account for 18 per cent of the population, but lack social and economic opportunities. Youth policies support their rights, but implementation is weak. Adolescent fertility is the second highest in the world for 15-19 year olds. Maternal morbidity and mortality are unacceptably high as well. Together with unwanted pregnancies and low life expectancy, these indicators reflect high levels of exclusion from economic participation and social and health protection.
In terms of gender equality, the region has adopted legal frameworks, enacted legislation related to reproductive rights, established gender mechanisms for equal opportunity measures, and institutionalized policies against gender-based violence. Challenges remain in achieving reproductive rights and in building solid alliances between government and civil society.
Cuestiones:
1) Compare ambos casos, para distinguir:
a. Rol del educador como creador de cultura
b. Programa de intervención: Objetivos, técnicas, estrategias de inclusión, de valorización de la cultura original, de conexión entre culturas, etc. (Agregue sus consideraciones).
c. Conclusiones. Cómo define el valor de la intervención educativa en relación con los procesos culturales.
2) Busque nuevos casos en la región, para caracterizar el rol histórico del educador en la creación de culturas. Ejemplo: Argentina, Perú, México, ( u otros).
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